Math Review
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Powers

  (x^a)(x^b)  = x^(a+b)
  (x^a)/(x^b) = x^(a-b)
  (x^a)^b     = x^(a*b)
  (xy)^a      = (x^a)(y^a)

Logarithms

  Definition:

  Let   x^p = v and x is not 0 and 1.
  Then, p = log[x](v), where p is the logarithm of v to base x.

  Terms:
  common log:   base 10 (social scientists)     (usually log or log[10])
  natural log:  base e  (engineers)             (usually ln)
  binary log:   base 2  (computer scientists)   (usually log or lg)
 
  Laws: 
  log[b](b^y)=y
  b^(log[b](x))=x
  log[b](uv)=log[b](u)+log[b](v) 
  log[b](u/v)=log[b](u)-log[b](v)
  log[b](u^v)=v*log[b](u)
  log[b](x)=log[c](x)/log[c](b)=log[b](c)*log[c](x)

  Integral Binary Logarithm
  -> floor(log[2](n)) for integer n
  -> number of times n can be divided by 2 before reaching 1
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